Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of nanoemulsion of cherry kernel oil on A549 lung cancer and HUVEC normal cells

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Free radicals play a role in the pathology of many diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and especially in the aging process. The use of antioxidant agents, especially antioxidants with plant sources, can play a significant role in the treatment of these diseases. The aim of the present study was to prepare the nanoemulsion formulation of sour cherry kernel oil and to investigate its antioxidant and cytotoxic effects on normal and cancerous cells. Nanoemulsion was prepared by the use of polysorbate 80 and polysorbate 20 in water as an emulsion of oil in water. Polyethylene glycol was used as the co-surfactant. Antioxidant effects of concentrations of 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5 and 31.25 μg/ml of nanomulsion were investigated on DPPH and ABTS radicals and compared with glutathione as standard. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of nanomulsion on cancer cells A549 and normal HUVEC cells were investigated. The antioxidant results show the potential of nanoemulsion in the removal of radicals of DPPH and ABTS. Furthermore, the results of the cytotoxicity test indicate the greater effects of nanoemulsion on the elimination of cancer cells compared to normal cells. Overall, the results of this study indicate the potentially antioxidant and anti-cancer effects of nanoemulsion of cherry kernel oil, which can be used to prevent and treat many diseases that are associated with the production of reactive oxygen species.

Keywords


1-Ratnam DV, Ankola D, Bhardwaj V, Sahana DK, Kumar MR. Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective. Journal of controlled release. 2006;113(3):189-207.
2-Halliwell B. Role of free radicals in the neurodegenerative diseases. Drugs & aging. 2001;18(9):685-716.
3-Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Free radicals in biology and medicine: Oxford University Press, USA; 2015.
4-Leborgne L, Maziere J, Maziere C, Andrejak M. Oxidative stress, atherogenesis and cardiovascular risk factors. Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux. 2002;95(9):805-14.
5-Cardador-Martínez A, Loarca-Piña G, Oomah BD. Antioxidant activity in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2002;50(24):6975-80.
6-Seeram NP, Momin RA, Nair MG, Bourquin LD. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant cyanidin glycosides in cherries and berries. Phytomedicine. 2001;8(5):362-9.
7-Seo S, Kim J, Kim B, Vinu A, Kim E. Highly ordered poly (thiophene) s prepared in mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology. 2011;11(5):4567-72.
8-Fiala R, Khalakhan I, Matolinova I, Vorokhta M, Sofer Z, Huber S, et al. Pt–CeO2 coating of carbon nanotubes grown on anode gas diffusion layer of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology. 2011;11(6):5062-7.
9-Espitia PJ, Fuenmayor CA, Otoni CG. Nanoemulsions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Bio‐Based Active Food Packaging. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2019;18(1):264-85.
10-El-Aasser MS, Sudol ED. Miniemulsions: overview of research and applications. JCT research. 2004;1(1):21-32.
11-Aboofazeli R. Nanometric-scaled emulsions (nanoemulsions). Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR. 2010;9(4):325.
12-Thakkar KN, Mhatre SS, Parikh RY. Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: nanotechnology, biology and medicine. 2010;6(2):257-62.
13-Ali A, Ansari VA, Ahmad U, Akhtar J, Jahan A. Nanoemulsion: An advanced vehicle for efficient drug delivery. Drug research. 2017;67(11):617-31.
14-Ghosh V, Saranya S, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Cinnamon oil nanoemulsion formulation by ultrasonic emulsification: investigation of its bactericidal activity. Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology. 2013;13(1):114-22.
15-Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier M-E, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food science and Technology. 1995;28(1):25-30.
16-Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reaction. The Japanese journal of nutrition and dietetics. 1986;44(6):307-15.
17-Piriyaprasarth S, Sriamornsak P, Chansiri G, Promboot W, Imerb U, Sumpoung D, editors. Effect of coconut oil and surfactants on stability of nanoemulsions. Advanced Materials Research; 2012: Trans Tech Publ.
18-Mendonça CR, Silva YP, Böckel WJ, Simó-Alfonso EF, Ramis-Ramos G, Piatnicki CM, et al. Role of the co-surfactant nature in soybean w/o microemulsions. Journal of colloid and interface science. 2009;337(2):579-85.
19-Gharibzahedi SM, Jafari SM. Fabrication of nanoemulsions by ultrasonication.  Nanoemulsions: Elsevier; 2018. p. 233-85.
20-Stan SD, Kar S, Stoner GD, Singh SV. Bioactive food components and cancer risk reduction. Journal of cellular biochemistry. 2008;104(1):339-56.
21-Zern TL, Fernandez ML. Cardioprotective effects of dietary polyphenols. The Journal of nutrition. 2005;135(10):2291-4.
22-Ghosh D, Konishi T. Anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts: role in diabetes and eye function. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 2007;16(2):200-8.
23-Piccolella S, Fiorentino A, Pacifico S, D’Abrosca B, Uzzo P, Monaco P. Antioxidant properties of sour cherries (Prunus cerasus L.): role of colorless phytochemicals from the methanolic extract of ripe fruits. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2008;56(6):1928-35.
24-Russo GL. Dietary n− 6 and n− 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: from biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention. Biochemical pharmacology. 2009;77(6):937-46.
25-Bak I, Lekli I, Juhasz B, Varga E, Varga B, Gesztelyi R, et al. Isolation and analysis of bioactive constituents of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) seed kernel: an emerging functional food. Journal of medicinal food. 2010;13(4):905-10.
26-Bak I, Lekli I, Juhasz B, Nagy N, Varga E, Varadi J, et al. Cardioprotective mechanisms of Prunus cerasus (sour cherry) seed extract against ischemia-reperfusion-induced damage in isolated rat hearts. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2006;291(3):H1329-H36.
27-Kalantari H, Salimi A, Motaharitabar E, Samimi A, Rezai A. Hepatoprotective Effect of Microemulsion-Based System of Prunus Cerasus Kernel Extract on CCL 4-induced Liver Damage in Mice. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 2017;12(3 (Supp)).
28-Szabo ME, Gallyas E, Bak I, Rakotovao A, Boucher F, De Leiris J, et al. Heme Oxygenase-1–Related Carbon Monoxide and Flavonoids in Ischemic/Reperfused Rat Retina. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2004;45(10):3727-32.
29-Storz P. Reactive oxygen species in tumor progression. Front Biosci. 2005;10(1-3):1881-96.
30-Szatrowski TP, Nathan CF. Production of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide by human tumor cells. Cancer research. 1991;51(3):794-8.
31-Liou G-Y, Storz P. Reactive oxygen species in cancer. Free radical research. 2010;44(5):479-96.
32-Storz P. Mitochondrial ROS–radical detoxification, mediated by protein kinase D. Trends in cell biology. 2007;17(1):13-8.
33-Pascual-Villalobos M, Cantó-Tejero M, Vallejo R, Guirao P, Rodríguez-Rojo S, Cocero M. Use of nanoemulsions of plant essential oils as aphid repellents. Industrial Crops and Products. 2017;110:45-57.
34-Yang X, Tian H, Ho C-T, Huang Q. Inhibition of citral degradation by oil-in-water nanoemulsions combined with antioxidants. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2011;59(11):6113-9.
35-Jordan M, Nayel A, Brownlow B, Elbayoumi T. Development and evaluation of tocopherol-rich argan oil-based nanoemulsions as vehicles possessing anticancer activity. Journal of biomedical nanotechnology. 2012;8(6):944-56.
36-Saxena V, Hasan A, Sharma S, Pandey LM. Edible oil nanoemulsion: An organic nanoantibiotic as a potential biomolecule delivery vehicle. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials. 2018;67(7):410-9.