1-Sinasi S. Uremic bleeding: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Hospital Physician 2001;76:45– 50.
2-Galbusera M, Remuzzi G, Boccardo P. Treatment of bleeding in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 2009;22(3):279-86.
3-Gawaz MP, Dobos G,
Späth M, Schollmeyer P, Gurland HJ, Mujais SK. Impaired function of platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994;5(1):36–46.
4-Pawlak D, Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Pawlak K, Buczko W, Mysliwiec M. Peripheral serotonergic system in uremia. Thromb Res 1996;83(2):189–94.
5-Di Minno G, Cerbone A, Usberti M,
Cianciaruso B,
Cortese A,
Farace MJ, et al. Platelet dysfunction in uremia. II. Correction by arachidonic acid of the impaired exposure of fibrinogen receptors by adenosine diphosphate or collagen. J Lab Clin Med 1986;108(3):246–52.
6-Hedges SJ, Dehoney SB, Hooper JS, Amanzadeh J, Busti AJ. Evidence-based treatment recommendations for uremic bleeding. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007;3(3):138-53.
7-Noris M, Remuzzi G. Uremic bleeding:closing the circle after 30 years of controversies? Blood 1999;94(8):2569–74.
8-Livio M, Mannucci PM, Viganò G, Mingardi G, Lombardi R, Mecca G, et al. Conjugated estrogens for the management of bleeding associated with renal failure. N Engl J Med 1986;315(12):731-5.
9-Heunisch C, Resnick DJ, Vitello JM, Martin SJ. Conjugated estrogens for the management of gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to uremia of acute renal failure. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18(1):210-7.
10-Manno C, Strippoli GF, Arnesano L, Bonifati C, Campobasso N, Gesualdo L, Schena FP. Predictors of bleeding complications in percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy. Kidney Int 2004;66(4): 1570-7.
11-Shemin D, Elnour M, Amarantes B, Abuelo JG, Chazan JA. Oral estrogens decrease bleeding time and improve clinical bleeding in patients with renal failure. Am J Med 1990;89(4):436-40.
12-Viganò G, Gaspari F, Locatelli M, Pusineri F, Bonati M, Remuzzi G. Dose-effect and pharmacokinetics of estrogens given to correct bleeding time in uremia. Kidney Int 1988;34(6):853-8.
13-Liu YK, Kosfeld RE, Marcum SG. Treatment of uraemic bleeding with conjugated oestrogen. Lancet 1984;324:887–90.
14-Krishnan M. Preoperative care of patients with kidney disease. Am Fam Physician 2002;66(8):1471-6.
15-Heistinger M, Stockenhuber F, Schneider B, Pabinger I, Brenner B, Wagner B, et al. Effect of conjugated estrogens on platelet function and prostacyclin generation in CRF. Kidney Int 1990;38(6):1181-6.
17-Zoja C, Viganò G, Bergamelli A, Benigni A, de Gaetano G, Remuzzi G. Prolonged bleeding time and increased vascular prostacyclin in rats with chronic renal failure: effects of conjugated estrogens. J Lab Clin Med 1988;112(3):380-6.
18-Soares SM, Fervenza FC, Lager DJ, Gertz MA, Cosio FG, Leung N. Bleeding complications after transcutaneous kidney biopsy in patients with systemic amyloidosis: single-center experience in 101 patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;52(6):1079-83.